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🔋 Cellular Physiology
Cell structure
Outline basic cell structure
Outline cell membrane structure and function
Mitochondria
Outline the structure of mitochondria
Outline the functions of mitochondria
Transport across cell membranes
Outline the passive transport mechanisms in the body
Outline the active transport mechanisms in the body
Fick's Laws of Diffusion
Gibbs-Donnan effect
What is it?
The Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium
Why does it matter?
Receptors and secondary messenger systems
Outline the mechanisms by which chemical messengers can interact with a cell
What are secondary messenger systems?
What are the methods of cell-cell signalling?
Resting membrane potential
Determinants of the resting membrane potential
Composition and control of intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid composition
Describe how controlling intracellular fluid composition can maintain homeostasis and integrity
🧪 Acid-Base
Blood gas interpretation
Normal values
Compensation
Anion gap
Delta ratio
Buffers
What is a buffer?
Buffer systems
Renal acid-base handling
Acid-base handling along the nephron
Describe the renal buffer systems
Stewart's approach to acid-base
Understanding Stewart's approach
The exam answer
🧠 Nervous System
Specific neurotransmitters and receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Dopamine receptors
Acetylcholine receptors
References
⚡️ Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic nervous system
Define the parasympathetic nervous system
Outline the anatomy of the vagus nerve
Outline the nerve fibre types and synaptic physiology
Outline the non-vagal components of the parasympathetic nervous system
References
Sympathetic nervous system
Define the sympathetic nervous system
Outline the origin of the sympathetic nervous system
Describe the course and fibre types
Outline the receptors and neurotransmitters
References
Catecholamines: production, release and fate
Production
Release
Fate
Structure activity relationships
What is a catecholamine?
Structure activity relationships
🔥 Thermoregulation
Heat and temperature
Define heat and temperature
Describe the mechanisms of heat loss
Temperature regulation
Definitions
Outline the mechanisms of heat production
Describe how thermoregulation is altered in a critically ill patient
Hypothermia and hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Adverse effects of hyperthermia
⭐️ Immunology
Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis
Classify hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylaxis
Innate immunity
Define innate immunity
Outline the components of innate immunity
Complement
Explain the role of complement
Explain the activation of complement
Acquired immunity
Compare the characteristics of B and T lymphocytes
Define acquired immunity
Describe the acquired immune response
Describe how immunisation protects against infection
Describe the structure of an antibody
Inflammation
Define inflammation
Describe the process of inflammation
🦠 Microbiology
Bacterial classification
Outline the process of Gram staining
Classify bacteria with examples
Bacterial resistance
Outline the mechanisms of bacterial antibiotic resistance
How is bacterial resistance is spread?
Viruses
Definitions
Classify viruses with examples
Antiseptics and disinfectants
Define the terms antiseptic and disinfectant
Describe the pharmacology of commonly used antiseptics
🎯 Anatomy
Femoral vein and artery
Femoral triangle
Surface anatomy
Origin and course of the femoral vein
Origin and course of the femoral artery
Internal jugular vein
Origin and course
Surface anatomy
Relations
Anatomical variation
Subclavian vein
Origin and course
Relations
Surface anatomy
